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Americans referred to fades of Discovery

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this is Saturn five the rocket that will

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send three Americans toward the moon in

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project Apollo but this historic journey

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cannot be attempted without knowledge

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knowledge based on experience for the

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United States experience came by seeking

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answers to certain basic questions could

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a human being withstand an eight-day

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flight to the moon and back could a man

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control the movements of his spacecraft

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rendezvous and dock with another vehicle

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orbiting the moon could he leave the

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protective cover of his spacecraft and

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perform useful work in space could he

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function effectively as an experimenter

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and use spaceflight to advance human

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could the Apollo spacecraft be guided

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and controlled during re-entry into the

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Earth's atmosphere so it could make

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if the answer to any of these questions

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was no it had to be known before three

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men travel a quarter of a million miles

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to the moon and so in 1961 the Gemini

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program came into being as the necessary

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prelude to Apollo this is the story of

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on Germany training began on earth and

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in the atmosphere this specially

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designed airplane was flown hundreds of

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times on parabolic sweeps into the sky

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to provide the Gemini astronauts with

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here's seconds at a time the

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difficulties of living in space were

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rehearsed working under zero gravity the

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Gemini astronauts gained experience with

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the equipment and techniques they would

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soon take into space it took hours of

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training under these rigorous conditions

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to develop the confidence needed for

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the Gemini astronauts took their

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equipment underwater balanced between

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sinking and rising

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they learned to pace themselves as they

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perform tasks in a condition that

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simulated longer periods of

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in the translation and docking simulator

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they got the feel of maneuvering their

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spacecraft into position for docking

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in the German emissions simulator they

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flew entire missions without leaving the

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ground here they learn to react quickly

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and correctly to problems fed to them

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the Gemini astronauts exposed themselves

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they trained for emergencies learning

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how to react if things did not go

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exactly according to plan

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parachute training in case they were

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water survival for landings in the ocean

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survival in desert and jungle

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but ultimately there was no substitute

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for being there Germany took the men and

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the 18 months between March 1965 and

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November 1966 ten manned missions were

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launched from Cape Kennedy sixteen

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astronauts journey to their spacecraft

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Virgil Grissom and John Young were first

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then James McDivitt and Edward white L

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Gordon Cooper and Charles Conrad Frank

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Borman and James Lovell Walter schirra

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Thomas Stafford Neil Armstrong David

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Scott Eugene Cernan and Michael Collins

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Richard Gordon Edwin Albert four of the

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Gemini astronauts made the trip twice

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together these men helped thrust the

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United States into a new era of

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Gemini was a single concept with a

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number of assignments it was in a sense

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five four tickets countdown dance all

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ow

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exploration in their voyages into this

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environment the Gemini astronauts logged

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more than 1940 man hours of flight

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hurtling through space at five miles a

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second they circled the earth six

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hundred times in their forty birthdays

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in space they witnessed as few men have

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hundreds of sunsets on the changing

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sweeping over continents in a matter of

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minutes they gained a new perspective of

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earth for Gemini equipment and

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techniques were developed that enabled

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astronauts for the first time to

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maneuver their spacecraft to change

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the first Gemini maneuvers were basic

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flying formation with the spent second

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stage of the Titan to rocket then a more

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difficult step

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rendezvous finding and approaching

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another craft in space the first target

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for Monday who was another manned

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spacecraft Gemini 6 approached within

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one foot of Gemini 7 rendezvous a major

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landmark in the history of manned flight

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aboard Gemini 7 astronaut Foreman

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prepares to take motion pictures of

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Germany 6 as the two spacecraft begin

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10 rendevouz were accomplished during

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the Gemini program the techniques varied

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for this maneuver is important to

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project Apollo the lunar module on

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returning from the surface of the Moon

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must rendezvous and dock with the

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command and service module in Gemini

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conditions of lunar orbit were simulated

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in Earth orbit and confidence for Apollo

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on four of the Gemini missions the

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rendezvous target was the Agena space

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vehicle during the program the Gemini

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astronauts located and docked with the

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Agena x' nine times

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developing experience and confidence in

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this important maneuver this experience

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is vital to the lunar mission where the

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Apollo astronauts will dock twice on

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their journey from the earth to the moon

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as the spacecraft moved in docking

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lights aboard the vehicle helped guide

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the pilot during the final stages of the

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manoeuvre but not everything always went

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according to plan on Gemini 8 a thruster

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failed causing excessive yaw and roll

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unable to find the source of trouble

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the roll rate accelerated reaching an

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alarming one revolution for second but

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Armstrong fought and won his struggle to

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regain control and he brought Gemini 8

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to a safe landing on Gemini 9 when an

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Atlas rocket failed to place the Agena

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into orbit a substitute docking target

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was launched trouble developed on the

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new target when its shroud failed to

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separate leaving what the astronauts

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although the docking maneuver had to be

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canceled the flight plan was revised so

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the astronauts could go on to practice

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rendezvous two more times

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developing faith and their ability to

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cope with adversity and to learn from

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on two missions the Gemini astronauts

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actually assembled a new spacecraft in

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after docking they commanded the Agena

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to restart its own rocket engine on one

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mission this space build vehicle was

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from their vantage point in space the

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astronauts had a spectacular view of our

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although flight experience was the

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primary objective of Germany the program

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offered a unique space laboratory to

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science medicine and technology more

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than 50 experiments were carried on the

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Germany spacecraft

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one experiment was photography of the

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earth masked areas never seen by man in

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more than two thousand photographs were

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taken from space during the Gemini

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program these pictures are being used to

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correct maps and to provide

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oceanographers geologists and

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geographers with new information about

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the Gemini astronauts also use their

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cameras to photograph cloud patterns and

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other atmospheric phenomena this works

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supplemented information obtained from

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hundreds of high-resolution photographs

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were made to provide new knowledge about

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the astronomical science is also

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benefited from Germany for the orbiting

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spacecraft enables scientists to send

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instruments far above the blanket of

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atmosphere which filters and obscures a

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on Gemini 12 an eclipse of the Sun was

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photographed for the first time from

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the results of scientific research

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conducted on Gemini have been made

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available to the world not only helping

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to advance man's knowledge but promoting

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a greater measure of understanding among

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three of the man Yemeni missions were

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flown to investigate the problems of

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long-duration spaceflight Yemeni four

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was a four-day mission

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Germany five eight days on gemenese

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seven astronauts Lovell and Borman spent

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these flights confirm the endurance of

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man and his new spacecraft systems they

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showed that an astronaut can live in

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space longer than is required for a

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round trip to the moon and thus paved

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using the Agena space vehicle the

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astronauts also experimented with a new

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technique for holding their spacecrafts

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attitude fixed with respect to the earth

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normally this requires the continuous

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use of fuel but on two missions a day

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chrome tether was attached between the

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slightly nearer the earth was pulled

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more strongly by gravity than what the

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spacecraft this small difference was

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enough to stabilise the vehicles so they

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could maintain their position without

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use of fuel this technique has important

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perhaps the most spectacular experiment

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of the Gemini program was extra

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vehicular activity astronaut ed white

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spurts of gas from whites handheld

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maneuvering device thrust him in the

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desired direction floating object in the

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foreground is the astronauts over glove

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left behind in the spacecraft in

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contrast to ed white successful

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20-minute walk in space the next three

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men to venture outside their spacecraft

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encountered unexpected difficulties

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although some useful work was

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accomplished including on one mission

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the historic retrieval of a scientific

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experiment left behind on an earlier

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flight workloads were higher than

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anticipated the astronauts had trouble

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stabilizing themselves outside the

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spacecraft all three walks had to be

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difficulties encountered on these

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missions posed profound problems for

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so another more careful and more tightly

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controlled test was prepared for Gemini

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12 the last flight in the program higher

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to this flight astronaut Aldrin trained

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intensively under water pacing himself

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for his work in space the tasks assigned

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to him were designed to compare the

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difficulty of working in a weightless

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environment with work under normal

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on jeongeun's well the problem of excess

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workload was overcome by frequent rest

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periods and the use of improved body

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positioning restraints such as waist

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extra vehicular activity has important

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applications to the lunar mission Apollo

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astronauts will leave their vehicle and

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install scientific equipment and collect

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samples on the surface of the Moon this

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requires experience working in pressure

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suits and performing tasks in the near

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the success of EBA during Gemini will

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also give Apollo astronauts returning

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from the lunar surface the ability to

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board their command module even if they

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jiminee provided more than 12 hours of

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experience in extra vehicular activity

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the training the caution the slow

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accumulation of facts paid off man can

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on all German emissions a major

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objective was to develop re-entry flight

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paths and landing control so the

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spacecraft could land at a specific

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place on earth this required the

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development of new techniques for

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guiding and controlling the reentry of

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the spacecraft this is the view from the

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spacecraft window as Germany we entered

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glowing particles boiled off the

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protective heat shield to leave an

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during Gemini 10 man's spacecraft made

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this fiery re-entry into the Earth's

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atmosphere

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Germany 12 was the last its reentry in

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November 1966 climaxed a program which

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will really have no end for Germany is

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our first importance is the fact that

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gemenese sent more men into space and

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kept them there longer Germany

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multiplied American manned spaceflight

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we've got you on the boom to feel good

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Gemelli an open program helped further

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promote international cooperation and

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space people in other nations not only

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witness Germany as it happened but also

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helped accomplish the program's

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objectives showing again the necessity

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for international cooperation in the

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Gemini also leaves as its legacy a

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greatly expanded science and technology

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proof that government industry and the

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scientific community can work together

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to translate man's boldest dreams into

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in the front ranks of the bearers of

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Germany's legacy are the astronauts

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these veterans are now ready to face the

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Apolo with its new questions new

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problems and longer more difficult

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voyages what after gem knee one question